How to Generate Random Passwords in Linux

In this article, we will share some interesting command-line tools to generate random passwords and also how to encrypt and decrypt passwords with or without the slat (a security measure used in password hashing) method.

Security is one of the major concerns of the digital age. We set passwords to computers, email, cloud, phones, documents, and whatnot. We all know the basic to choose a password that is easy to remember and hard to guess.

What about some sort of machine-based password generation automatically using pwgen or makepasswd – a command-line password generator used to generate random passwords based on length, complexity, and character.

PWgen – Generate a Random Password on Linux

To generate a random unique password of length equal to 10 characters use the ‘pwgen‘ command. If you have not installed pwgen, you can install it using your respective package managers as shown.

$ sudo apt install pwgen [On Debian, Ubuntu and Mint]
$ sudo yum install pwgen [On RHEL/CentOS/Fedora and Rocky/AlmaLinux]
$ sudo emerge -a sys-apps/pwgen [On Gentoo Linux]
$ sudo apk add pwgen [On Alpine Linux]
$ sudo pacman -S pwgen [On Arch Linux]
$ sudo zypper install pwgen [On OpenSUSE] 

Once ‘pwgen‘ is installed, you can use it to generate a single password as shown.

$ pwgen 10 1

To generate several random unique passwords of character length 50 in one go, use:

$ pwgen 50

Makepasswd – Generate Unique Passwords on Linux

The makepasswd command is another password generator that is used to generate unique random passwords based on a given length.

Before you can use the makepasswd command, make sure you have installed it. If not, you may install it using your distribution’s package manager as shown.

$ sudo apt install makepasswd [On Debian, Ubuntu and Mint]
$ sudo yum install makepasswd [On RHEL/CentOS/Fedora and Rocky/AlmaLinux]
$ sudo emerge -a sys-apps/makepasswd [On Gentoo Linux]
$ sudo apk add makepasswd [On Alpine Linux]
$ sudo pacman -S makepasswd [On Arch Linux]
$ sudo zypper install makepasswd [On OpenSUSE] 

To generate a random password of character length 10 (default value is 10).

$ makepasswd 

To generate a random password of character length 50.

$ makepasswd --char 50

To generate 7 random passwords of 20 characters.

$ makepasswd --char 20 --count 7

mkpasswd – Encrypt a Password in Linux

To encrypt a password using crypt (a Python standard library) along with the salt method.

For those who may not be aware of salt, which is random data that serves as an additional input to a one-way function in order to protect passwords against dictionary attacks.

The mkpasswd command is a part of the whois package, and it is not installed on most modern Linux distributions, you need to install it using your distribution’s package manager.

$ sudo apt install whois [On Debian, Ubuntu and Mint]
$ sudo yum install whois [On RHEL/CentOS/Fedora and Rocky/AlmaLinux]
$ sudo emerge -a sys-apps/whois [On Gentoo Linux]
$ sudo apk add whois [On Alpine Linux]
$ sudo pacman -S whois [On Arch Linux]
$ sudo zypper install whois [On OpenSUSE] 

Now run the makepasswd command, which will encrypt the password with salt. The salt value is taken randomly and automatically. Hence every time you run the below command it will generate different outputs because it is accepting a random value for salt every time.

$ mkpasswd tecmint

Running the above command will generate a random salt value and use it to create the password hash for the password “tecmint.” The output will include the generated password hash.

To generate an SHA-512 password hash with the password “tecmint”, you can use the following command:

$ mkpasswd -m sha-512 tecmint

The output will be the generated password hash, which you can use for password storage or authentication purposes.

Moreover, mkpasswd is interactive and if you don’t provide a password along with the command, it will ask password interactively.

Encrypt a String with Password in Linux

To encrypt a string say “Tecmint-is-a-Linux-Community” using aes-256-cbc encryption using a password say “tecmint” and salt.

$ echo Tecmint-is-a-Linux-Community | openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -a -salt -pass pass:tecmint -pbkdf2

Here in the above example, the output of the echo command is pipelined with the openssl command that passes the input to be encrypted using Encoding with Cipher (enc) that uses aes-256-cbc encryption algorithm with salt it is encrypted using the password (tecmint) and -pbkdf2 algorithm.

Decrypt a String in Linux

To decrypt the above string use the openssl command using the -aes-256-cbc decryption.

# echo U2FsdGVkX18Zgoc+dfAdpIK58JbcEYFdJBPMINU91DKPeVVrU2k9oXWsgpvpdO/Z | openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -a -d -salt -pass pass:tecmint

That’s all for now. If you know any such tips and tricks you may share in the comment section, your tip will be published under your name and also we will include it in our future article.